Shard Tower Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Shard Tower - Essay Example Planning of the Shard tower was done in 2000 by Renzo Piano and in 2007 development started. In July 2012, the undertaking was finished and opened by Prime Minister of Qatar, Hamad container Jassim canister Jaber Al Thani. The initial service was additionally gone to by Prince Andrew, Duke of York (Mace Group 2010). The pinnacle is adjusted and kept up by focal London’s courtesies, offices and transport framework. The pinnacle is situated close to London connect station in this way making it simpler for individuals to interface from the station to work place (Sellar Group 2011). This paper will concentrate on the Shard tower venture and the undertaking the executives. The center destinations of the Shard venture was to; roll out positive improvements, improving one’s life possibilities, guarantee advancement in development territories and convey quality and standard open assistance This paper intends to take a gander at venture the executives in the development business and the connection between the degrees of hazard the board and the various phases of a development venture. The customary strategies of venture the executives will be referenced just as the present developments in the field. Besides, the paper will examine the advantages and costs, obstructions, of the patterns lastly talk about pertinent suggestions. Tasks inside Shard program 1. Southwark tower destruction Stephen Furnell helped by Len Abbott in the year 1969 to 1970 structured the Southwark tower. The pinnacle was the head quarter of cost waterhouse. The pinnacle had 25-story office (The Rubble Club 2009). The structure was obliterated to permit development of Shard tower. It was the tallest structure to be wrecked in the United Kingdom. They destruction was done behind acoustic screen with the goal that they could decrease clamor contamination levels. 2. Fixing glass The Shard tower is otherwise called the shard of glass. The explanation for the name it is on the grounds that t he pinnacle is shrouded in glass, which makes it precious stone. The engineers structured a glass roofed, which was finished by Renzo Piano structure. The plan included both the roof and floor, which carried light to the workplaces during dimmest days. 3. Sensors The sensors actuate dim blinds on each glass boards. In 2009, Claxton offered guidance operational and spending plan for creating blind control framework. The visually impaired framework control was to take and benefit readings from sensors. The sensors would impart to shreds to either lower or raise heat entering the pinnacle. The sunlight based track servers were introduced in the storm cellar while photometer and radiometer sensors we introduced on the rooftop. The sensors situated at the rooftop are called level 96. Claxton had the option to effectively introduce solarTrac framework, which is a result of Mechoshade. 4. Kone hop lifts The first Kone bounce lift was introduced in Shard Tower in August 2010. The hop lift i s a self-climbing framework created by Kone. The lift utilizes the structure shafts during development. The lift can oblige 21 individuals and 1600kg. Its fundamental use was to convey Shard site laborers all over the building site. Mace, the Shard head temporary worker, teamed up with Kone to guarantee the hop lift satisfies the guidelines and nature of the conveyance program. Tony Palgrave, the Mace development chief, recommended that the bounce lift was an answer for moving materials and individuals adequately and rapidly. It has been the most secure approach to go here and there the structure. Michael Williams, KONE U.K. overseeing executive, said feel special cooperating with Mace in the Shard tower venture. They guarantee that the lifts were very much introduced to uncertain they ran easily (Chatham 2010). Venture the board Robert Deatker was the undertaking chief at the London Bridge quarter and Shard Tower. Robert says crafted by the undertaking the board is to tie thing

Intervention of Non-Communicable Disease for Peer Comparisons

Question: Talk about theIntervention of Non-Communicable Disease for Peer Comparisons. Answer: The article by Meeker et al. (2016) surveys the utilization of a social mediation to forestall intense respiratory tract contamination which is a non-transmittable disease, to decreasing anti-microbial utilize that causes genuine impacts. The conduct mediations can be actualized together or in separation. They incorporate recommended choices, responsible legitimization, and friend examinations. Proposed choices present electronic request sets that recommended nonantibiotic treatment. Capable defenses included clinicians in utilizing patients document to endorse anti-toxins into the wellbeing records of the patient without seeing the patient. Companion examination included contrasting the exhibition of top execution and their lower endorsed anti-microbials rate. The social mediation would have been estimated by the measures at which patient pick anti-microbial medications from the facility. It was understood that during the gauge time frame when the intercession had not been done the rates were recorded extremely high at 24%. The rates after the three intercession had dropped to 11%. The utilization of the three intercessions had prompted the drop of improper anti-infection recommending for intense respiratory contaminations. Regardless of free distributions of how abuse of anti-infection agents opens patients to the superfluous danger of predominance of microscopic organisms. Most clinicians continue giving out this medications for the respiratory tract contamination as is in the clinical rules. This prompts the ascent of the need to locate a conduct arrangement. Specialists are additionally abusing mental issues as a method of curing the impasse. They center around intellectual and mental measures, similar to the ones utilized for this situation. The exploration utilized being subjective demonstrated holds fast to the mental requests. A few investigations have demonstrated that anti-microbials are wrongly endorsed to patients as opposed to utilizing choices technique, for example, the ones utilized previously. The intercession impact that was watched speak to derivations wrong endorsing of medications. The Hawthorne impact was the one applied to the control condition, this included. The adjustment of individual conduct for the effect and dread of being watched. As the patients were certain they were being viewed as the illness, they changed their conduct to ones that suit them. The difference in lead prompted low anti-infection rate, hence, demonstrating the intercession worked. Hawthorne hypothesis was in this manner applicable to the intercession. Past examinations on anti-infection support notes have demonstrated that when this strategy is utilized without open responsibility to the patient, a negative outcome will be figured it out. With the objective being peers mediation strategy demonstrate the best in examination with grown-up input. The discoveries over the two investigations are predictable and steady. Contrasting with the model of Gerber et al. where the model directions are utilized (Meeker et al., 2016). The control taken early is conflicting with the 24% recorded by a similar that utilizes a similar time of mediation, year and a half. This model estimates the impact of every mediation on all the practices that didn't get the intercession (Kotwani, Joshi, Jhamb Holloway, 2017). The structure likewise is in accordance with the methodology of the essential model utilized when testing the determination move. The potential anti-microbial, fitting for contamination determined expanded to have the expansion of the respiratory tract disease. Components of scientific methodology were additionally in accordance with the one utilized. Progressive demonstrating that includes playing out the connection based examination. The first examination utilized during the input created a similar outcome (Dekker et al., 2018). The outcome is conceivable dependent on the accompanying reasons; There isnt any potential damage .the three intercession as recorded inside the year and a half of mediation didn't make any reported wounds anybody. The harm that was dreaded for the gathering that was utilizing all the three techniques could break down quick didn't occur (Harris, Hicks Qaseem, 2016). This, in this manner, demonstrates that the strategy was clinical and can be actualized without hurt. None of the intercession required extreme changes to the earth. The companion examination was relied upon to change the essential consideration practices of certain patients, yet it didn't. It went to be generally even minded and the least complex to perform. The intercession, along these lines, is conceivable as insignificant changes are done to the earth (Hovi, Ollgren Savolainen-Kopra, 2017). There is a fleeting connection between the three intercessions to the result; It is likely that after the mediation. The rates may go up again particularly for the gathering that pre-owned companion correlation as a method of mediation; this is on the grounds that it didn't include a great deal of changes, making it simpler to slide back to the utilization of anti-infection agents. The sound connection between the techniques and the result is available. The mediation techniques responsible defense as the social intercession cause a noteworthy change in the natural wellbeing of the person. Along these lines it is conduct that the individual will adjust prompting a to some degree changeless result. The to some degree stable result appears, there is a solid connection between the outcome and the intercession. There was no limitation of a gathering that affected the result, aside from the clinicians dealing with such a significant number of patients. Along these lines exhaustion may have influenced the result. The remainder of the outcome continued as before, including pay, decision of treatment and method of treatment. There could be estimation predisposition with respect to the mediation bunch as each gathering was agreeable until intercession bunch that applied both the two intercession. They returned for visit analyze (Little et al., 2015). This, subsequently, suggests for sometime later potential and further research ought to be finished. The outcome was influenced by specific constraint however of immaterial units. The quantity of clinicians accessible was not many to endorse and take a sharp remedy for the person. This cutoff points generalizability and exactness. The outcome that was subject to variable elements could be hard to think about. This factors run from the earth, charging information and EHR, which may sooner or later influenced the general estimation. The wellbeing examinations were just founded on the individuals who returned to the clinical association. There could be individuals who went into different facilities or remained at home however got hurts (Cabral, Lucas, Ingram, Hay Horwood, 2015). Taking everything into account, the technique utilized for intercession can be utilized to control unseemly anti-toxin for respiratory tract contamination dependent on social mediations. References Cabral, C., Lucas, P. J., Ingram, J., Hay, A. D., Horwood, J. (2015). It's more secure to parent counseling and clinician anti-microbial recommending choices for kids with respiratory tract contaminations: an examination across four subjective studies.Social science medicine,136, 156-164. Dekker, A. R., Verheij, T. J., Broekhuizen, B. D., Butler, C. C., Cals, J. W., Francis, N. A., ... van der Velden, A. W. (2018). Adequacy of general professional internet preparing and a data booklet for guardians on anti-toxin recommending for youngsters with respiratory tract contamination in essential consideration: a bunch randomized controlled trial.Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Harris, A. M., Hicks, L. A., Qaseem, A. (2016). Proper anti-toxin use for intense respiratory tract contamination in grown-ups: guidance for high-esteem care from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Annals of interior medicine,164(6), 425-434. Hovi, T., Ollgren, J., Savolainen-Kopra, C. (2017). Escalated hand-cleanliness battle including cleanser and-water wash may forestall intense contaminations in office laborers, as appeared by a perceived presentation balanced investigation of a randomized trial.BMC irresistible diseases,17(1), 47. Kotwani, A., Joshi, P. C., Jhamb, U., Holloway, K. (2017). Prescriber and container observations about anti-toxin use in intense straightforward youth loose bowels and upper respiratory tract disease in New Delhi: Qualitative study.Indian Journal of Pharmacology,49(6), 419. Lee, M. H. M., Pan, D. S. T., Huang, J. H., Mark, I., Chen, C., Chong, J. W. C., ... Wong, C. S. (2017). Results from a patient-based wellbeing training intercession in lessening anti-toxin use for intense upper respiratory tract contaminations in the private segment essential consideration setting in Singapore.Antimicrobial operators and chemotherapy,61(5), e02257-16. Little, P., Stuart, B., Hobbs, F. D. R., Moore, M., Barnett, J., Popoola, D., ... Yao, G. (2015). A web conveyed handwashing intercession to change flu like disease and respiratory contamination transmission (PRIMIT): an essential consideration randomized trial.The Lancet,386(10004), 1631-1639. Meeker, D., Linder, J. A., Fox, C. R., Friedberg, M. W., Persell, S. D., Goldstein, N. J., ... Specialist, J. N. (2016). Impact of conduct mediations on improper anti-toxin endorsing among essential consideration rehearses: a randomized clinical trial.Jama,315(6), 562-570.

How to Write a Scholarship Essay Sample

<h1>How to Write a Scholarship Essay Sample</h1><p>There are various sites which offer free grant exposition tests for different subjects like Engineering, Business and Sciences, Medical Studies, and so on. For those of you who need to improve your composing aptitudes, here are a couple of tips which you can use to compose your own grant exposition. It is basic that the paper ought to be written in a formal and sorted out manner.</p><p></p><p>This is the principal phase of composing your exposition. It is significant that you compose it as though you are perusing an original copy. You should start with a presentation which tells about yourself and how this composing opportunity came to you.</p><p></p><p>The article must experience a few phases, so your peruser realizes that he/she is a piece of the story. According to the necessity of the school you apply to, the main section or one-line passage ought to be from you ow n perspective. According to the College Guide, which is being provided to you at no cost, you can utilize the primary passage for your own information.</p><p></p><p>After you have perused your introduction, you would now be able to begin portraying about your inclinations and abilities. In the wake of clarifying your abilities and interests, you can utilize a couple of sentences in your introduction to portray your capabilities. Give genuine instances of qualifications.</p><p></p><p>A sentence is regularly insufficient to present yourself. A model might be 'I have gotten my Bachelor's certificate in Engineering from a presumed Engineering College in UK'. At that point you can disclose why you wish to seek after further training in Engineering, and how your enthusiasm for this subject is basic to most engineers.</p><p></p><p>Remember to consistently remain positive and don't make reference to about any negative t hings about yourself. Your activity will be to persuade the perusers that you are an advantage for the organization. You ought to never really will discolor your picture or name.</p><p></p><p>Scholarship paper tests are given by numerous organizations and universities on account of their social obligation. In any case, there are different locales that offer such exposition tests and various individuals can profit by utilizing them to improve their composing skills.</p>

Law and Ethics Research Paper Topics

<h1>Law and Ethics Research Paper Topics</h1><p>Law and morals explore papers have been a long convention in colleges and research labs for a long time. Pretty much all controls of the scholarly world have some level of customary law and morals writing that may not be valid. The motivation behind why the sorts of data introduced to understudies are to some degree emotional is on the grounds that the individuals that composed the material planned to get a response. Therefore, they will undoubtedly keep in touch with a portion of the data with the expectation of being true.</p><p></p><p>With the enormous measure of research that is done in human science, human studies, humanism, political theory, brain research, individuals with progressively broad information will for the most part expound on indistinguishable subjects from the sociologies do. Therefore, a humanist who will investigate the point 'Law and Ethics' will be fairly like a humanist composing a theme on social environment. In the two cases, an educator will make a suspicion concerning what is viewed as lawful and moral behavior.</p><p></p><p>There are subjects that are viewed as illicit in the public eye. In certain occurrences, when an individual is captured for a wrongdoing, the facts demonstrate that this conduct would be viewed as illicit. Different occasions, the practices that an individual decides to embrace so as to pick up force or consideration, would likewise be viewed as illicit. On the off chance that somebody utilizes a medication under clinical watch, this would likewise be viewed as unlawful conduct. Conduct that is viewed as unscrupulous in the public arena is likewise illicit, however not constantly deserving of law.</p><p></p><p>Many of the practices that people embrace are essentially founded on their personality. They utilize these for their own advantage. Different practices are not really un lawful, however are viewed as unscrupulous. According to other people, a portion of these practices can prompt crimes.</p><p></p><p>Behavior and mentalities that lead to self destruction are viewed as untrustworthy. In the event that an individual feels that a specific lifestyle isn't beneficial for them, they may end their own life as opposed to change their conduct. These practices are typically delegated criminal conduct. It is fascinating to perceive what number of these individuals are indicted, yet once in a while are the people sentenced for the wrongdoings they have committed.</p><p></p><p>When examining law and morals, the understudies will figure out how to contemplate these issues. The most effective method to recognize law and plain good judgment, or what appears to be good and bad to an individual, would be valuable data to pick up. The general objective of the teacher directing the examination paper is to discover why the principles are set the manner in which they are. The expectation is to have the option to decipher the proof and figure out how to change the standards with the goal that everybody has a superior future.</p><p></p><p>A teacher that is endeavoring to inquire about law and morals will for the most part watch different individuals in the public arena and various associations. The teacher is then ready to contrast how the law is applied with those associated with the exercises. From that point forward, the teacher will attempt to make sense of why the standards are the way they are.</p><p></p><p>Law and morals are a subject that has extraordinary significance to society. There is no doubt with respect to why these themes ought to be inquired about and analyzed. By ensuring that the appropriate responses gave are right, we trust that the world will in the long run discover harmony and happiness.</p>

The Secret of Tamil Essay Competition Topics That No One Is Talking About

<h1> The Secret of Tamil Essay Competition Topics That No One Is Talking About </h1> <p>When you are done, edited your paper and refine it, if essential. The article gives you a chance to uncover how viably it's conceivable to peruse and appreciate a section and create an exposition investigating the entry. It's certainly better to investigate the subject of your paper yourself. Moral contentious paper subjects are a couple of the most straightforward to become overly enthusiastic with. </p> <p>To create a great short exposition, particularly during an assessment, you ought to be in a situation to hit the inquiry and offer a clear response while at exactly the same time watching the right structure of a paper. There are loads of acceptable themes for representation expositions to pick from. All things considered, you will make sense of how to make an incredible exposition on the off chance that you choose its point accurately. You don't have to discover excessively specialized with legitimate factious expositions, yet make a point to get your work done on what the current laws about your preferred theme really state. </p> <p>The accommodation must be in exposition structure, not just a transcript of your meeting. Account exposition themes Narrative article is somewhat unique in relation to various sorts. Meeting articles are composed reliant on a meeting, performed by the writer. Composing an extraordinary convincing exposition is certainly not a straightforward undertaking, be that as it may, it's achievable.</p> <h2> The Basic Facts of Tamil Essay Competition Topics </h2> <p>If you have an opportunity to meet the individuals who are increasingly knowledgeable about the subject of your paper than you, you should accept your open door to address them about it. The easiest method to fix the type of a paper is to understand the essayist's perspective. There's no perfect arrangement on the most ideal approach to make a powerful paper. Fill in the buy structure and you'll get your unmistakable meeting article in no moment!</p> <p>Students need to create papers dependent on the instructor's guidelines or their favored style recorded as a hard copy. The school article is among the most significant aspects of your school application. Application expositions about difficulties uncover how you react to trouble to people who are truly inspired by how you'll deal with the ensuing four years all on your own.</p> <p>You may find that some of the points can be adjusted to suit practically any kind of composing task. You might be having exposition points that are difficult to investigate or that require research materials which are not promptly advertised. You may need to pick an appropriate theme for your exposition paper and you're running low on thoughts. Considering that loads of convincing expositions concern dubious points, before composing, you can need to plunk down and consider what your sentiment on the theme really is. </p> <p>If you're probably going to compose such an article again and again, you need to realize how to form a decent one. It is conceivable to find internet composing workshops that spread each component of composing, for every aptitude level. In the event that you wish to succeed, the absolute first thing you are to do is to pick the proper point for your exposition. Instances of such sorts of sports comprise of rugby, and mountaineering. </p> <h2>Finding the Best Tamil Essay Competition Topics </h2> <p>Please verify you read the grant paper rivalry terms and conditions before applying. Consider the manner in which a mentor is dealing with the football program. If you don't mind read the conventional states of the opposition. Once more, do peruse the states of the opposition. </p> <p>Your exposition will transform into the property of the American Foreign Service Association once it's submitted, and won't be returned. Have confidence your commit ment will be effectively utilized. A few option sensible structures for articles are envisioned as outlines, making them easy to actualize or adjust in the structure of a contention. Rundown three to five themes that you're keen on or couldn't want anything more than to expound on. </p>

Argument/Persuasive Essay Topics

<h1>Argument/Persuasive Essay Topics</h1><p>Argumentative expositions are intriguing however you can likewise concentrate on other paper subjects. The key is to utilize some normal example and not simply expound regarding the matter all things considered. Doing this, you can cause more to notice the central matters of your exposition. Here are a couple of thoughts for pugnacious paper topics:</p><p></p><p>Motivate. It is imperative to consider the manners in which that you could inspire your readers.</p><p></p><p>Presentation. Talking about the circumstance in which the essayist is generally enthusiastic about and why? Do the author have a message to pass on? Where the essayist has a chance to help? What kind of message does the author need to express?</p><p></p><p>Message. Which kind of message would you like to convey? Would you like to share a thought or your own opinion?</p><p>&l t;/p><p>Course of activity. Present your perspective as far as what you would by and by do? Who do you think will profit by your viewpoint?</p><p></p><p>Issues. Consider introducing a subject that relates to your theme. Continuously recall that the theme must be an issue. Your subject must be integral to your article point with the goal that it isn't only a sentence that springs up out of nowhere.</p><p></p><p>Problem. One significant inquiry to answer is, 'What is the issue or challenge you are tending to?' It ought to be obvious from the substance of your article that you have the response to this question.</p><p></p><p>The most ideal approach to have a contention/influential exposition themes is to think about all the manners in which that you can feature the central matter and what these territories are. It is acceptable to concentrate on a few thoughts and afterward feature the qualities of the sig nificant proposal. At that point chip away at featuring the shortcomings of the proposition. Along these lines you are not very evident with your essay.</p>

How might sociological concepts be used to explain the rise of extremist groups - Free Essay Example

This essay will attempt to demonstrate how sociological concepts can be used to explain the rise of extremist groups. There are many publications and research papers into the various dimensions of extremism, addressing causation, the process of radicalisation, and consequences. These studies use varying definitions, approaches, epistemologies and theoretical concepts to address the issue of extremism. From this collection of differing studies, two approaches will be examined in this essay to use as examples of how sociology has added to the accumulated knowledge in this area. Conflict theory, or more specifically Collins work (1975) on interaction rituals, will be outlined to illustrate how groups form à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" both those groups in the mainstream and outside it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" as well as addressing the way in which these groups can turn violent. Social Movement Theory will provide the second example, looking closely at Framing Theory as a means of understanding the process of radicalisation of individuals into an extremist group. It is important, however, to firstly define what the term extremism actually means. Extremism as a concept is not the easiest to define. It is a subjective term, in that, what is considered extreme by one group or society, may not be considered so by another (Wintrobe, 2006). However, an extremist is generally viewed as someone whose views are outside the mainstream on some issue or dimension (Wintrobe, 2006: 6). Extremists are often people on the extreme left or the extreme right of the political spectrum, or hold radical views in relation to nationalism, religion or any other politically important dimension (Wintrobe, 2006). According to Scrunton, political extremism refers to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦taking a political idea to its limits, regardless of unfortunate repercussions, impracticalities, arguments, and feelings to the contrary, and with the intention not only to confront, but to eliminate oppositionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Intolerance towards all views other than ones own (1982: 164). Martin (2013: 10-11) explains how both the content of a persons beliefs and the style in which one expresses them are the basic elements for defining extremism. Wilcox summed this up by explaining that style is more important than content when it comes to extremism, as many people can hold views that would be considered radical or unorthodox yet still entertain them in a reasonable, rational manner. In contrast, there are other people who have views a lot closer to the political mainstream but present them in a shrill, uncompromising, bullying, and distinctly authoritarian manner (Wilcox, 1996: 54). As well as those with extremist views, the term extremist can also refer to a person or group that uses extremist methods, for example resorting to violence or terrorism to achieve its goals (Wintrobe, 2006). It worth noting not all extremists are violent or terrorists. However, Martin (2013) argues that behind every act of terrorist violence is a deeply held belief system, which at its c ore is extremist and characterised by intolerance. In light of this, one must question how is it that these groups form and garner support when their views are so far outside the mainstream? Conflict theory can provide a useful theoretical approach that can help to gain insight into how different groups develop, how they grow, and how some groups can turn violent. Conflict theory developed, at least in part, as a reaction against structural functionalism, and has many influences such as Marixism, Weberian theory and Simmels work on social conflict (Ritzer, 2008: 264). Elements of conflict theory can be used to explain the formation of groups à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for example, extremist groups à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" as well as the reasons why these groups can turn violent. This theoretical approach seeks to explain scientifically, the general delineations of conflict in society; that is, how conflict starts and varies, and the effect of conflict. At the core of conflict theory are the unequal distribution of power and scarce resources. Where power is situated and who uses it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" or does not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" are fundamental (Allan, 2006). Randal Collins work on c onflict theory represents the most systematic effort undertaken to scientifically explain conflict (Allan, 2006: 233). In his book Conflict Society, Collins (1975) advocates forcefully for a sociology grounded in face-to-face interaction. He argues that micro level encounters among individuals ultimately create and sustain macro-level phenomenon. Or, as Turner (2013: 239) describes it, large and long-term social structures are built from interaction rituals that have been strung together over time. More recently, Collins has refined and extended his original hypothesis of interaction rituals and used this newer view to develop an explanation of interpersonal violence (Turner, 2013). Turner (2013) explains Collins analytical scheme as such: as interaction rituals unfold they build up emotional energy, which acts as the driving force of interaction. Social solidarity increases when positive emotional energy builds up across chains on interaction rituals, leading to the production and reproduction of social structures. The more ecological barriers exist to separate persons from others, the more the individuals will feel co-present; and the more individuals are engaged in common actions or tasks, the more likely they are to have a mutual focus of attention. This makes them more likely to emit stereotypical greeting rituals which generate positive emotions and begin to shape a shared mood, which, in turn increases the common mutual focus of attention (Turner, 2013: 250). Individuals fall into rhythmic synchronisation as interactions progress, which makes them more likely to become emotionally involved in the group (Turner, 2013: 252). As positive emotions are stimulated, the level of group solidarity increases, likewise, the greater the sense of solidarity the more positive emotions are evoked in subsequent interactions. As the level of solidarity increases, they become more likely to have a need to symbolise the group somehow, for example through words, physical objects or certain behaviours. According to Turner: As these chains of interaction continue, members develop particularistic capital, or experiences only shared among group members, and this capital can be used in subsequent interactions to reinforce group symbols and the sense of solidarity (2013: 252). This interaction ritual theory can explain how groups, including extremist groups form and grow. However, Collins goes further to explain how these groups can cross the line into violent behaviour. He explains how violence is not easy for people as it goes against the natural propensity of humans to fall into the phases of interaction rituals that arouse positive emotions (Turner, 2013: 254). Most potentially violent situations actually fail to become violent in the end; posturing and threats of violent are more common. Indeed, Collins provides an important explanation of how individuals as a group overcome this propensity to avoid violence and get involved in collective violent behaviour. For this to happen, interaction rituals are actually used as a force to mobilise individuals to commit violent acts: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the stages of the ritual are unleashed so that individuals gain positive emotional entrainment, effervescence, positive emotional energy, solidarity, group symbols, and particularized culture by engaging in concerted violence against another group (Turner, 2013). Turk (2008) provides a good example of this when he outlines Islamic fundamentalism, which appears to rely on radicalisation through education consisting of religious indoctrination. According to Turk, potential recruits to Islamic extremist groups are sought in Madrassas across the world, through drilling in the most extreme interpretations of Sunni theology, which emphasises the duty of Muslims to engage in Jihad (holy war) against all enemies of true Islam. He notes that The Taliban are a product of this group formation within Madrassas (Turk, 2008). Another theoretical framework which can be applied to the understanding of radicalisation and violent extremism is Social Movements Theory (SMT). SMT began in the 1940s with the idea that movements arose as a result of irrational processes of collective behaviour occurring under strained environmental conditions (Strain Theory), producing a mass feeling of discontent (Borum, 2011: 17). According to this theory, individuals would join a movement because of a passive submission to these overwhelming social forces. However, contemporary SMT has shown that more rational and strategic processes are operating than the SMT understanding of the 1940s (Borum, 2011). The primary task of any organisation or social movement is its own survival. Therefore, to grow it must form mobilization potential; form and motivate recruitment networks; arouse motivation to participate; and remove barriers to participation (Borum, 2011). Members of the movement operate as rational prospectors when they seek to recruit others. So that they are efficient and effective, they look to identify those most likely to agree to act effectively to further the cause. To them, the recruitment process has two stages. Firstly, the rational prospectors use information to find likely targets and secondly, once located, recruiters offer information on participatory opportunities, as well as deploying incentives to persuade recruits to say yes (Borum, 2001:17). According to Borum (2011:17): The strength of social bonds and relationships are central to both tasks, and understanding relationships among potential prospects is therefore, critical to understanding recruitment networks. A more recent development in this area comes from Framing Theory, which focuses on how meanings are constructed, produced and disseminated by movements and social collectives (Borum, 2011). Unlike the structural theories which focus on socio-demographics and their effect on radicalisation, Framing Theory focuses on the process of radicalisation. Based on the work of Erving Goffman, the concept of a frame refers to an individuals worldview or schemata of interpretation, consisting of values (notions about right and wrong) and beliefs (assumptions about the world, attributes of things, and mechanisms of causation). This scheme helps an individual make sense of and organize his or her experience, and guide his or her action (Dalgaard-Nielsen, 2008: 6). The success of a movement therefore, is related to its ability to create and disseminate frames which will attract devotees, Central to its success in mobilising participants, is whether the movements version of reality resonates with pot ential supporters or whether they can manipulate the values and beliefs of potential supporters to a smaller or larger extent (Dalgaard-Nielsen, 2011). Using this theory then, how is it that activists evolve into terrorists?: Framing Theory would emphasize how social and intersubjective processes create the motivation. In other words, Framing Theory would seek to explain violent radicalisation and terrorism through the distinct constructed reality, shared by members of violent groups à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a constructed reality or world view, which frames problems as not just misfortunes, but injustices, attributes responsibility for these injustices, and constructs an argument for the efficacy and/or moral justification of using violence against civilians to right the perceived wrong (Dalgaard-Nielsen, 2011: 9). Although Critical Theory and Social Movements Theory provide useful frameworks for examining the reasons why extremist groups form and grow, it is important to note that they are only two of a number of theoretical approaches within sociology that can be used to conceptualise this phenomenon. Other approaches include, but are in no way limited to, Gurrs (1970) publication Why Men Rebel, in which he outlines his hypothesis that it is feelings of deprivation and frustration that motivate an individual to engage in collective action; Veugelers research into the rise of right wing extremist groups in France, to test Postmaterialist Theorists assertion that conflict over non-economic values are transforming the political sociology of advanced industrial societies (2000: 19); and a study by Gelfand and LaFree (2013) examining cultural factors and their relationship to prevalence and severity of extremist violence. The study of extremism crosses not only within-discipline parameters, but ha s been widely studied across other disciplines as well such as international relations, politics and psychology. For these reasons, Cable et al feel that (1988: 966): Rather than seek some single model of activist recruitment and commitment, consisting of structural and/or social psychology variablesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦analysts should assume that there are multiple models and then get on with the more useful work of specifying the conditions under which one or more is appropriate. This essay has outlined some ways in which sociological concepts can be used to explain the rise of extremist groups. Extremist groups were taken to mean groups which have views that are considered outside the mainstream of society on particular issues or dimensions. There are many sociological concepts which have been applied to the study of extremism. However, this essay looked at two examples; Conflict Theory, namely Collins (1975) work on interaction rituals and violence, and Social Movements Theory. Collins research has shown how groups form and are given symbolic meaning, which in turn strengthens the group (1975). In applying this to extremism, it sheds some light on how groups of individuals with extremist views become bound together, as well as explaining how these groups can become violent despite the human propensity to avoid violence. Social Movements Theory was used as an example to illustrate how extremist movements grow, as well as outlining the process of radicalisati on. In order for movements to survive, they must form mobilisation potential and recruitment networks, motivate participation, and remove any barriers to participation. The strength of social bonds and relationships within the group is key. The process of radicalisation is explained through the constructed reality or world-view shared by members of extremist groups which, justifies the use of violence as a means to right a perceived wrong. Although these frameworks are useful for examining extremism, they only provide a marginal assessment of the sociological work that has been undertaken on the rise of extremist groups to date. Bibliography: Allan, K. (2006). Conflict and Critical Theories. Retrieved from https://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/13636_Chapter7.pdf (Accessed 16/09/2015). Cable, S., Walsh, E.J. and Warland, R. H. (1988) Differential Paths to Political Activism: Comparisons of Four Mobilization Processes after the Three Mile Island Accident. Social Forces 66 (4), pp. 951-969. Collins, R. (1975) Conflict Sociology: Towards an Explanatory Science. New York: Academic Press. Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. (2008) Studying Violent Radicalization in Europe I: The Potential Contribution of Social Movement Theory, Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), Copenhagen. 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